Some coronavirus deaths, especially early on, were mistakenly attributed to other causes.
“A long history of discrimination causes distrust of the health care system.”
New data shows deaths from all causes—COVID and otherwise—have gone up 9 percent among White Americans, but more than 30 percent in communities of color.
As many as 215,000 more people than usual died in the U.S. during the first seven months of 2020, suggesting that the number of lives lost to the coronavirus is significantly higher than the official toll. And half the dead were people of color—Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and, to a marked degree unrecognized until now, Asian Americans.
The new figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlight a stark disparity: Deaths among people of color during the crisis have risen far more than they have among Whites.
As of the end of July, the official death toll in the U.S. from COVID-19 was about 150,000. It has since grown to over 170,000.
But public health authorities have long known that some coronavirus deaths, especially early on, were mistakenly attributed to other causes, and that the crisis may have led indirectly to the loss of many other lives by preventing or discouraging people with other serious ailments from seeking treatment.
A count of deaths from all causes during the seven-month period yields what experts believe is a fuller—and more alarming—picture of the disaster and its racial dimensions.
“The crisis may have prevented or discouraged people with other serious ailments from seeking treatment.”
People of color make up just under 40 percent of the U.S. population but accounted for approximately 52 percent of all the “excess deaths” above normal through July, according to an analysis by The Marshall Project and The Associated Press.
In the worst week of the first wave, the new data shows deaths in many communities of color more than doubled—a rise quadruple what Whites experienced.
“The toll of the pandemic shows just how pervasive structural racism is,” said Olugbenga Ajilore, senior economist at the Center for American Progress, a public policy organization in Washington.
Earlier data on cases, hospitalizations and deaths revealed the especially heavy toll on Black, Hispanic and Native Americans, a disparity attributed to unequal access to health care and economic opportunities. But the increases in total deaths by race were not reported until now; nor was the disproportionate burden of the disease on Asian Americans.
With this new data, Asian Americans join Blacks and Hispanics among the hardest-hit communities, with deaths in each group up at least 30 percent this year compared with the average over the last five years, the analysis found. Deaths among Native Americans rose more than 20 percent, though that is probably a severe undercount because of a lack of data. Deaths among Whites were up 9 percent.
The toll on Asian Americans has received far less attention, perhaps in part because the numbers who have died—about 14,000 more than normal this year—have been far lower than among several other groups. Still, the 35 percent increase in Asian American deaths is the second-highest, behind Hispanic Americans.
“The toll of the pandemic shows just how pervasive structural racism is.”
In an average year, somewhere around 1.7 million people die in the United States between January and the end of July. This year the figure was about 1.9 million, according to the CDC.
Of the possible 215,000 additional deaths above normal through July—a total that has since risen to as many as 235,000—most were officially attributed to coronavirus infections. The rest were blamed on other causes, including heart disease, high blood pressure and other types of respiratory diseases.
The CDC has not yet provided a breakdown by race and ethnicity of the deaths from other causes. The newly released data is considered provisional and subject to change as more information comes in. Certain categories of deaths—suicides or drug overdoses, for example—often involve lengthy investigations before a cause is assigned.
The outbreak’s disproportionate effect on communities of color is not limited to a specific region of the country.
The virus first hit urban areas on the East and West coasts. But according to University of Minnesota researcher Carrie Henning-Smith, disparities have also been seen as the disease spread across the country to Southern and Western states with large rural populations.
For example, Arizona reported almost 60 percent more Native American deaths so far this year compared with previous years, and New Mexico recorded over 40 percent more. Between the two states, over 1,100 more Native Americans have died than normal.
Another surprise: Only about half of the Asian American deaths have been officially linked to COVID-19, lower than for all other groups. Jarvis Chen, a lecturer at Harvard University’s public health school, said Asian Americans may not be getting tested at the same rate as other groups, for reasons that are unclear, and that could result in some virus deaths being attributed to something else.
Dr. Namratha Kandula of Northwestern University echoed that theory. She also cautioned against generalizing about the underlying health of Asian Americans as a whole, noting that they are a diverse group from many different nations and cultures.
“Asian Americans may not be getting tested at the same rate as other groups.”
“It’s not enough to clump them all together because it does not tell the whole story,” she said.
Charlton Rhee, whose parents came to the U.S. from South Korea, lost both of them to COVID-19 this spring as the virus surged in New York City.
His mother, Eulja Rhee, went out one day, and when she returned, “she told me someone had coughed in her face” as she was getting off a bus, said Rhee, a nursing home administrator in Queens. "She was wearing a mask, but it got into her eyes.”
She died in the hospital, just shy of her 75th birthday.
Rhee found out a day later that his father, Man Joon Rhee, had tested positive. “He had caught it from my mother,” he said. “His heart was broken. And he said to me that he wanted to know if it was OK to be with Mom.”
He stayed home, receiving hospice care, and died at 83.
“The Asian American community has suffered greatly during this,” and government officials provided little help, especially initially, Rhee said. Community associations had to step in with food drives, personal protective equipment and other help.
Racial disparities in deaths predate COVID-19, and many forces combine to produce them:
*Some communities of color are more likely to have lower incomes and to share living space with larger families, increasing the risk of transmission.
*They have higher rates of health problems, including diabetes, obesity and lung problems, the result of living in places where healthier foods are harder to get and the environment is polluted. Those same factors make them more likely to become severely ill or die from the coronavirus.
*They are more often uninsured and tend to live farther from hospitals.
*They are disproportionately incarcerated, which has been linked to long-term effects on health.
*Experts point to a long history of discrimination that causes distrust of the health care system.
*And people of color are more likely to fill essential roles that require them to keep going to work during the pandemic.
Dr. Sobiya Ansari, who works predominantly with Black immigrant cancer patients in New York City, worries when they miss or postpone radiation or screenings. Already, the city has seen double the number of Black deaths this year compared with previous years.
“If a storm hits and you’re safe inside your house, you’re safe.” she said. “Then there is a population of people that don’t even have umbrellas. The storm hits, and they’re just really swept away.”
Anna Flagg is The Marshall Project's senior data reporter, covering criminal justice topics including immigration, crime, race, policing and incarceration. Her work has been recognized by the Global Editors Network’s Data Journalism Awards, the Society of News Design and the Information is Beautiful Awards, and she was a finalist for a 2019 Deadline Club Award.
Damini Sharma is a data fellow at The Marshall Project. She is pursuing a Master of Science degree in computational analysis and public policy at the University of Chicago. Previously, she has worked in nonprofits, research labs and local government, using programming, data analysis and visualization to help improve outcomes in education and criminal justice.
This story was published by The Marshall Project in partnership with The Associated Press.
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