For the past five years, Buffalo, New York, cops have concentrated their checkpoints on the Black side of town, raking in record revenues from fines. According to a suit filed by civil rights groups, 91 percent of all police checkpoints are located in Black neighborhoods, and revenues from fines have gone up 92 percent. The city has become dependent on targeted over-policing, said Keisha Williams, a staff attorney at the Western New York Law Center. “It definitely creates an institutional incentive to do these pretextual traffic stops,” she said.