U.S. Army Gen. Donald Bolduc, left, and Senegal Army Gen. Amadou Kane during the inauguration of a military base in Thies, Senegal, on Feb. 8, 2016 during a joint military exercise between African, U.S., and European troops known as Flintlock. Photo: SEYL
The Pentagon explored the AI software for research, but the new deal is the first by a combatant command whose mission is one of killing.
Originally published in The Intercept.
Less than a year after OpenAI quietly signaled it wanted to do business with the Pentagon, a procurement document obtained by The Intercept shows U.S. Africa Command, or AFRICOM, believes access to OpenAIâs technology is âessentialâ for its mission.
The September 30 document lays out AFRICOMâs rationale for buying cloud computing services directly from Microsoft as part of its $9 billion Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability contract, rather than seeking another provider on the open market. âThe USAFRICOM operates in a dynamic and evolving environment where IT plays a critical role in achieving mission objectives,â the document reads, including âits vital mission in support of our African Mission Partners [and] USAFRICOM joint exercises.â
The document, labeled Controlled Unclassified Information, is marked as FEDCON, indicating it is not meant to be distributed beyond government or contractors. It shows AFRICOMâs request was approved by the Defense Information Systems Agency. While the price of the purchase is redacted, the approval document notes its value is less than $15 million.
Like the rest of the Department of Defense, AFRICOM â which oversees the Pentagonâs operations across Africa, including local military cooperation with U.S. allies there â has an increasing appetite for cloud computing. The Defense Department already purchases cloud computing access from Microsoft via the Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability project. This new document reflects AFRICOMâs desire to bypass contracting red tape and buy immediately Microsoft Azure cloud services, including OpenAI software, without considering other vendors. AFRICOM states that the âability to support advanced AI/ML workloads is crucial. This includes services for search, natural language processing, [machine learning], and unified analytics for data processing.â And according to AFRICOM, Microsoftâs Azure cloud platform, which includes a suite of tools provided by OpenAI, is the only cloud provider capable of meeting its needs.
Microsoft began selling OpenAIâs GPT-4 large language model to defense customers in June 2023. Earlier this year, following the revelation that OpenAI had changed its mind on military work, the company announced a cybersecurity collaboration with DARPA in January and said its tools would be used for an unspecified veteran suicide prevention initiative. In April, Microsoft pitched the Pentagon on using DALL-E, OpenAIâs image generation tool, for command and control software. But the AFRICOM document marks the first confirmed purchase of OpenAIâs products by a U.S. combatant command whose mission is one of killing.
OpenAIâs stated corporate mission remains âto ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.â
The document states that âOpenAI toolsâ are among the âunique featuresâ offered by Microsoft âessential to ensure the cloud services provided align with USAFRICOMâs mission and operational needs. ⌠Without access to Microsoftâs integrated suite of AI tools and services, USAFRICOM would face significant challenges in analyzing and extracting actionable insights from vast amounts of data. ⌠This could lead to delays in decision-making, compromised situational awareness, and decreased agility in responding to dynamic and evolving threats across the African continent.â Defense and intelligence agencies around the world have expressed a keen interest in using large language models to sift through troves of intelligence, or rapidly transcribe and analyze interrogation audio data.
Microsoft invested $10 billion in OpenAI last year and now exercises a great deal of influence over the company, in addition to reselling its technology. In February, The Intercept and other digital news outlets sued Microsoft and OpenAI for using their journalism without permission or credit.
An OpenAI spokesperson told The Intercept, âOpenAI does not have a partnership with US Africa Commandâ and referred questions to Microsoft. Microsoft did not immediately respond to a request for comment. Nor did a spokesperson for AFRICOM.
âIt is extremely alarming that theyâre explicit in OpenAI tool use for âunified analytics for data processingâ to align with USAFRICOMâs mission objectives,â said Heidy Khlaaf, chief AI scientist at the AI Now Institute, who has previously conducted safety evaluations for OpenAI. âEspecially in stating that they believe these tools enhance efficiency, accuracy, and scalability, when in fact it has been demonstrated that these tools are highly inaccurate and consistently fabricate outputs. These claims show a concerning lack of awareness by those procuring for these technologies of the high risks these tools pose in mission-critical environments.â
Since OpenAI quietly deleted the portion of its terms of service that prohibited military work in January, the company has steadily ingratiated itself with the U.S. national security establishment, which is eager to integrate impressive but frequently inaccurate tools like ChatGPT. In June, OpenAI added to its board the Trump-appointed former head of the National Security Agency, Paul Nakasone; the companyâs current head of national security partnerships is Katrina Mulligan, a Pentagon alum who previously worked in âSpecial Operations and Irregular Warfare,â according to her LinkedIn profile.
On Thursday, following a White House directive ordering the Pentagon to accelerate adoption of tools like those made by OpenAI, the company published an article outlining its âapproach to AI and national security.â According to the post, âThe values that guide our work on national securityâ include âdemocratic values,â âhuman rights,â and âaccountability,â explaining, âWe believe that all AI applications, especially those involving government and national security, should be subject to oversight, clear usage guidelines, and ethical standards.â OpenAIâs language is a clear reflection of the White House order, which forbade security and intelligence entities from using artificial intelligence in ways that âdo not align with democratic values,â the Washington Post reported.
While the AFRICOM document contains little detail about how exactly it might use OpenAI tools, the commandâs regular implications in African coup dâĂŠtats, civilian killings, torture, and covert warfare would seem incompatible with OpenAIâs professed national security framework. Last year, AFRICOM chief Gen. Michael Langley told the House Armed Services Committee that his command shares âcore valuesâ with Col. Mamady Doumbouya, an AFRICOM trainee who overthrew the government of Guinea and declared himself its leader in 2021.
Although U.S. military activity in Africa receives relatively little attention in comparison to U.S. Central Command, which oversees American forces in the Middle East, AFRICOMâs presence is both significant and the subject of frequent controversy. Despite claims of a âlight footprintâ on the continent, The Intercept reported in 2020 a formerly secret AFRICOM map showing âa network of 29 U.S. military bases that stretch from one side of Africa to another.â Much of AFRICOMâs purpose since its establishment in 2007 entails training and advising African troops, low-profile missions by Special Operations forces, and operating drone bases to counter militant groups in the Sahel, Lake Chad Basin, and the Horn of Africa in efforts to bring security and stability to the continent. The results have been dismal. Throughout all of Africa, the State Department counted a total of justâŻnine terrorist attacks in 2002 and 2003,âŻthe first years of U.S. counterterrorism assistance on the continent. According to the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, a Pentagon research institution, the annual number of attacks by militant Islamist groups in Africa now tops 6,700 â a 74,344 percent increase.
As violence has spiraled, at least 15 officers who benefited from U.S. security assistance have been involved in 12 coups in West Africa and the greater Sahel during the war on terror, including in Niger last year. (At least five leaders of that July 2023 coup received American assistance, according to a U.S. official.) U.S. allies have also been implicated in a raft of alleged human rights abuses. In 2017, The Intercept reported a Cameroonian military base used by AFRICOM to stage surveillance drone flights had been used to torture military prisoners.
Dealing with data has long been a challenge for AFRICOM. After The Intercept put together a count of U.S.-trained coup leaders on the continent, for example, the command admitted it did not know how many coups its charges have conducted, nor did the command even keep a list of how many times such takeovers have happened. âAFRICOM does not maintain a database with this information,â spokesperson Kelly Cahalan told The Intercept last year.
AFRICOMâs mismanagement of information has also been lethal. Following a 2018 drone strike in Somalia, AFRICOM announced it had killed âfive terroristsâ and destroyed one vehicle, and that âno civilians were killed in this airstrike.â A secret U.S. military investigation, obtained by The Intercept via the Freedom of Information Act, showed that despite months of âtarget development,â the attack on a pickup truck killed at least three, and possibly five, civilians, including Luul Dahir Mohamed and her 4-year-old daughter, Mariam Shilow Muse.
Sam Biddle is a technology reporter focusing on issues of surveillance, privacy, and corporate power. He was previously a senior writer at Gawker, and his work has also appeared in GQ, Vice, and the New York Times magazine, among other outlets.
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