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Independence for Whom? Peruvian People Reject Neocolonial Boluarte Coup Regime
Clau O'Brien Moscoso
13 Aug 2025
Boluarte protest
People protest against interim President Boluarte on Independence Day. (Gian Masko / Getty)

Two centuries after independence, Peru remains shackled by empire. As the U.S.-backed Boluarte regime tightens its grip, the people take to the streets, demanding sovereignty, justice, and the return of their stolen democracy.

Two centuries after independence, Peru remains shackled by empire. As the U.S.-backed Boluarte regime tightens its grip, the people take to the streets, demanding sovereignty, justice, and the return of their stolen democracy.

On July 28th, Perú celebrated its 204th anniversary of the independence of Peru from Spanish colonial rule. Inside Congress, the most unpopular president in the world, Dina Boluarte, gave a five-hour-long speech in which she claimed, among other things, to launch an array of infrastructural projects to boost the economy.  The scenes outside were a vastly different world. Protestors, delegations of farmworkers and families of martyrs and victims from the south, organizations representing neighborhood unions and others gathered in the center of the city to hear the message of ousted President Pedro Castillo, from the Penal Barbadillo prison, where he is a political prisoner held under pre-trial detention since December 7, 2022. 

Since the US- backed right wing coup against democratically elected President Pedro Castillo, Peru has plunged into an insecurity crisis at the hands of paramilitary groups or so-called gangs used to justify ever-increasing militarization (under the objectives of the Department of Defense and SOUTHCOM). One of the speakers, a delegation participant from Puno, spoke to the divide between those who came from the south to defend their homeland, like her, and those who sell out their country for corporations to steal and plunder:

"Our voices, the voice of our president, even though we have to listen via a microphone - well, millions of Peruvians have wanted to listen to that presidential message. Do you know why, brothers? Because brother President Castillo, who was kidnapped, represents 33 million. Respect our votes! It is not out of fanaticism, it is not because we are ‘Castillistas,’ it is not because he represents a political class—but because he represents the entire people, dear brothers and sisters. In that understanding, we, from the original peoples, brothers and sisters, feel proud to have a cultural identity. (We) are brothers, not because we have the same father, but because we are Peruvians and we have the same culture, the same customs, the same struggle—the strength to defend our Peru. We do not destroy Peru, do not loot Peru, do not steal from Peru. We take care, we coexist with Mother Earth, we work the land so the people can eat. We raise our animals with love, and therefore, they cannot tell us that we came to the capital to destroy this country. Those who destroy are over there, those who steal are over there, those who loot are over there."

Since the ouster of Castillo in this US-backed coup from the hard right-controlled Congress and Boluarte, the presence of US military personnel and bases has been increasing. This has meant not just the introduction of thousands of US troops, but extensive joint military cooperation and agreements. It’s hard not to see the encirclement of the Lithium Triangle by SOUTHCOM and the US as a deliberate attack on the sovereignty of the peoples of these resource-rich lands. The imperialist scramble for resources and precious rare earth minerals in this part of the region has spelt death for the indigenous peoples. Whether through repression after the ouster of the president who ran on nationalizing and industrializing the lithium of Puno, through the contamination of the rivers and lands and presence of heavy metals in the blood, or in the urban metropoles through the use of armed thugs or paramilitary groups that provide justification for further militarization and private mercenary “solutions”. US/western imperialism creates the problem, to then sell you the solution. And for the masses of Our Americas, it means war.

José Carlos Gutiérrez Sancho, (Apu Mallku) president of the Consejo de Autoridades Originarias in Puno, spoke to BAR on the role of U.S. imperialism in this struggle, the right to self-determination and the impacts on the health of people as a result of extractivism:

"Well, we know very well that outside our country there are great powers, there's the United States that seek(s) to colonize or take control of other countries' resources, in this case ours. They install military bases, have traitors to the homeland as politicians, right? They also have infiltrated agents within our Armed Forces, within the Navy, within the police, who obey a directive from over there to take away our resources so that people can't go out to protest because when they come to take our resources and the people are organized, we won't allow it. And we, the original (indigenous) peoples are very aware of this. We demand the right to self-determination, the right over our territories, over our natural resources. Foreign companies can't come to plunder our resources if there's no consultation with the population that lives there…This right to prior consultation we will claim, and it will also be retroactive because those companies that have contaminated our rivers, that have contaminated our lands, must compensate, there must be an international lawsuit to clean our rivers. There must be a lawsuit to heal our brothers and sisters living with (poisoning from) heavy metals. We have brothers across the country with heavy metals who don't have a dignified life, don't have a healthy life. As a consequence of what? Of the extractivism of these mining companies that have contaminated the rivers, of those oil companies that have contaminated our environment. So fight against them, we demand our rights as original peoples but we also call on the people, we call on the people so all fronts can unite. If we want Peru to move forward, the response must be sovereign."

Two hundred and four years of so-called independence under a republic have not translated to self-determination for the people of Peru. Bourgeois democracy under a capitalist state governed by a neocolonial comprador class working at the behest of the local elite and US imperial masters has meant nothing good for the people of Peru, who live in the fourth most unequal country in the world. Particularly since the Monroe Doctrine and continued US doctrines like Operation Condor in the region that has been increasingly militarized for the purposes of US full-spectrum dominance. The war the US/EU/NATO Axis of Domination has waged and is waging against the peoples of Our Americas is only intensifying. Only a unified and coordinated anti-imperialist struggle can defeat this war and Make Our Americas a Zone of Peace.


¿Independencia para quién? El pueblo peruano rechaza el régimen golpista neocolonial de Boluarte

El 28 de julio, Perú celebró su 204° aniversario de independencia del dominio colonial español. Dentro del Congreso, la presidenta más impopular del mundo, Dina Boluarte, pronunció un discurso de cinco horas en el que prometió, entre otras cosas, lanzar una serie de proyectos de infraestructura para impulsar la economía. Afuera, la realidad era completamente distinta. Manifestantes, delegaciones de campesinos, familiares de mártires y víctimas del sur, organizaciones de sindicatos vecinales y otros colectivos se congregaron en el centro de la ciudad para escuchar el mensaje del presidente destituido Pedro Castillo, transmitido desde la prisión penal de Barbadillo, donde lleva detenido preventivamente desde el 7 de diciembre de 2022.

Desde el golpe de Estado de derecha respaldado por EE.UU. contra el presidente democráticamente electo Pedro Castillo, Perú ha caído en una crisis de inseguridad a manos de grupos paramilitares o supuestas "pandillas", utilizadas para justificar una militarización cada vez mayor (bajo los objetivos del Departamento de Defensa y el Comando Sur). Una de las oradoras, una delegada de Puno, denunció la división entre quienes, como ella, vinieron del sur para defender su patria, y aquellos que venden el país para que las corporaciones roben y saqueen:

"Nuestras voces, la voz de nuestro presidente, aunque tengamos que escucharla a través de un micrófono... millones de peruanos han querido oír ese mensaje presidencial. ¿Saben por qué, hermanos? Porque el hermano presidente Castillo, secuestrado, representa a 33 millones. ¡Respeten nuestros votos! No es por fanatismo, no es porque seamos 'castillistas', no es porque represente a una clase política, sino porque representa a todo el pueblo, queridos hermanos. Entendiendo esto, nosotros, los pueblos originarios, nos sentimos orgullosos de nuestra identidad cultural. (Somos) hermanos, no por tener el mismo padre, sino porque somos peruanos, con la misma cultura, las mismas costumbres, la misma lucha: la fuerza para defender nuestro Perú. Nosotros no destruimos Perú, no saqueamos Perú, no robamos a Perú. Nosotros cuidamos, coexistimos con la Madre Tierra, trabajamos la tierra para que el pueblo coma. Criamos a nuestros animales con amor, y por eso no pueden decir que vinimos a la capital a destruir este país. Los que destruyen están allá, los que roban están allá, los que saquean están allá."

Desde la destitución de Castillo en este golpe respaldado por EE.UU., orquestado por el Congreso controlado por la ultraderecha y Boluarte, la presencia de militares y bases estadounidenses no ha hecho más que aumentar. Esto no solo ha implicado el despliegue de miles de tropas, sino también amplios acuerdos de cooperación militar conjunta. Es imposible no ver el cerco del Triángulo del Litio por el Comando Sur y EE.UU. como un ataque deliberado contra la soberanía de los pueblos de estas tierras ricas en recursos. La carrera imperialista por los minerales estratégicos en esta región ha significado muerte para los pueblos indígenas: ya sea por la represión tras la caída del presidente que prometió nacionalizar e industrializar el litio de Puno, por la contaminación de ríos y tierras con metales pesados en la sangre, o en las metrópolis urbanas, donde grupos paramilitares justifican una mayor militarización y "soluciones" mercenarias privadas. El imperialismo occidental crea el problema para luego venderte la solución. Y para las masas de Nuestra América, eso significa guerra.

José Carlos Gutiérrez Sancho (Apu Mallku), presidente del Consejo de Autoridades Originarias de Puno, habló con BAR sobre el papel del imperialismo estadounidense en esta lucha, el derecho a la autodeterminación y los impactos del extractivismo en la salud:

Sabemos muy bien que fuera de nuestro país hay grandes potencias, está Estados Unidos, que busca colonizar o apoderarse de los recursos de otros países, en este caso, los nuestros. Instalan bases militares, tienen traidores a la patria como políticos, ¿no? También tienen agentes infiltrados en nuestras Fuerzas Armadas, en la Marina, en la policía, que obedecen órdenes de allá para quitarnos nuestros recursos e impedir que el pueblo proteste, porque cuando vengan a robarlos y la gente esté organizada, no lo permitiremos. Y nosotros, los pueblos originarios, somos muy conscientes de esto. Exigimos el derecho a la autodeterminación, el derecho sobre nuestros territorios y recursos naturales. Las empresas extranjeras no pueden saquear nuestros recursos sin consultar a la población que vive ahí... Este derecho a la consulta previa lo reclamaremos, y será retroactivo: las empresas que contaminaron nuestros ríos y tierras deben compensar, debe haber una demanda internacional para limpiarlos. Debe haber una demanda para sanar a nuestros hermanos envenenados con metales pesados. Tenemos hermanos en todo el país con metales en la sangre, sin vida digna ni saludable. ¿Por qué? Por el extractivismo de las mineras que envenenaron los ríos, de las petroleras que contaminaron nuestro medioambiente. Así que luchamos contra ellos, exigimos nuestros derechos como pueblos originarios, pero también llamamos al pueblo a unir todos los frentes. Si queremos que Perú avance, la respuesta debe ser soberana.

Doscientos cuatro años de una llamada independencia bajo una república no han significado autodeterminación para el pueblo peruano. La democracia burguesa en un Estado capitalista, gobernado por una clase compradora neocolonial que sirve a las élites locales y a los amos imperialistas estadounidenses, no ha traído nada bueno para el pueblo peruano, que vive en el cuarto país más desigual del mundo. Esto se ha agravado especialmente desde la Doctrina Monroe y las continuas políticas intervencionistas de EE.UU., como la Operación Cóndor en la región, que ha sido crecientemente militarizada para asegurar el dominio de espectro completo de Washington.

La guerra que el Eje de Dominación EE.UU./UE/OTAN ha librado y sigue librando contra los pueblos de Nuestra América no hace más que intensificarse. Solo una lucha antiimperialista unificada y coordinada puede derrotar esta guerra y convertir Nuestra América en una Zona de Paz.

Clau O'Brien Moscoso is an organizer and co-coordinator of the Black Alliance for Peace Haiti/Americas Team. Originally from Barrios Altos, Lima, she grew up in Kearny, New Jersey. She attended college, lived, and organized in New York City for 15 years, and is now based in Lima, Perú, writing about Latin America and the Caribbean for the Black Agenda Report.

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