The civil rights movement may be moribund, but civil rights law still yields results. New York City, behaving like many of its citizens in claiming that it should not be found guilty of discrimination unless it can be proved that it intended to discriminate, loses the argument in federal court. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act lives.
Purposeful Discrimination in NYC Fire Department Hiring
A Black Agenda Radio commentary by Glen Ford
“The city knew the test was discriminatory, and failed to do anything about it.”
Guilty as charged. A federal judge last week ruled that New York City not only discriminated against Blacks attempting to join the Fire Department, but did so intentionally. According to longtime observers, that’s the first time in memory that New York City has been found guilty of intentional discrimination. Establishing guilt by a “pattern-and-practice” of deliberate discrimination is difficult, since it involves more than simply showing that discrimination occurred. It requires the defendant be shown to have known he was discriminating. The Center for Constitutional Law convinced the judge that, not only did the Fire Department's tests have a discriminatory effect on Black applicants, but that the city knew the test was discriminatory, and failed to do anything about it from 1999 to 2002. Mayor Michael Bloomberg was also named in the suit, along with the former fire commissioner. But both of them got off on a technicality. Although the judge believed there was “strong evidence” that the mayor and the commissioner had both been informed that the examinations were discriminatory, they were nevertheless entitled to “qualified immunity.” In a deposition, Mayor Bloomberg testified that he “did not recall” receiving a report spelling out the discriminatory impact of the firefighters' test.
“The test is similar to others used in big cities across the nation, with the same intent – to maintain the racial status quo.”
So, why was the test so difficult for Black applicants to pass? Many of the multiple choice questions involved arcane details on firefighting that only people that grew up around firefighters would know – a test put together by people in the overwhelmingly white firefighting culture who wanted to keep outsiders – out. The test is similar to others used in big cities across the nation, with the same intent – to maintain the racial status quo. The examination did not test whether an applicant would be a good firefighter. Instead, it tested whether an applicant was immersed in the trivia of firefighting culture. No wonder a bunch of Irish guys pass the test every year, and no wonder only 3.4 percent of the department is Black, in a city that is one quarter African American.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act holds that, if disproportionate numbers of Blacks and Hispanics fail a test, then it must be shown that the test actually measures the skills and knowledge necessary to do the job.
The suit was brought by three people who took the test, and by the Vulcan Society, an organization of Black firefighters. But the total pool of potential plaintiffs includes every applicant that failed to become a firefighter because of the test, and that could reach into the hundreds. The judge has not yet decided what the remedy should be, but civil rights lawyers say he could order that the city change its hiring policies, and that people who failed to get jobs because of the test be paid the salaries they lost.
New York City plans to appeal the judges ruling, claiming that, even if the test did have a discriminatory impact on Blacks, the city didn't intend for that to happen.
BAR executive editor Glen Ford can be contacted at Glen.Ford@BlackAgendaReport.com.
The Black Radical Tradition is the rich legacy passed down by revolutionaries. It is an important tool today as we struggle to turn the Americas into a Zone of Peace.
The trial of former Peruvian president Pedro Castillo, the victim of a 2022 lawfare-style coup, has begun. The legal process used against him is a sham covering up the human rights abuses…
Trump administration interference in Panama has brought about a reckoning on migration and human rights throughout the region. These issues can no longer be ignored.
Presenting new research, Dylan Sullivan and Jason Hickel mount a devastating critique of the impact of structural adjustment in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Drawing on recent data on Africa’s…
The messaging app Signal is touted as being a safe harbor from state surveillance. However, its connections to large corporate entities make organizers more vulnerable than they may think.
