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2008's Ten Worst Places to be Black

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by BAR Managing Editor Bruce A. Dixon 

Corporate media, which conceal much about the state of things beyond our borders, work hard to obscure the facts of life for Americans too, including the state of Black America.  In this year of symbolic firsts and "never befores" Black Agenda Report offers a useful index of how life is lived for hundreds of thousands of families in our communities. 

by BAR Managing Editor Bruce A. Dixon

America's prison system, the world's largest houses some 2.2 million people.  Almost  half its prisoners come from the one eighth of this country which is black.  African American communities have been hard hit by the social, political and economic repercussions of the growth of America's prison state.  Its presence and its reach into Black life is a useful index of the quality of life in Black America itself. 

In this year of symbolic optimism, when a Black man is a leading contender in the presidential race, as well as being a leading recipient of contributions from Wall Street, from big insurance, and from military contractors, the need to measure and describe life as it is actually lived by millions of African Americans has never been greater. As we said in the introduction to 2005's Ten Worst Places to be Black

“The pervasive corporate media bubble, which grossly distorts the views most Americans have of the world beyond their shores, and of life in America’s black one-eighth, operates to fool African Americans, too.  While a fortunate few of us are doing very well indeed, and many more are hanging on as best we can, the conditions of life for a substantial chunk of black America are not substantially improving, and appear to be getting much worse.  This is a truth which can’t be found anywhere in the corporate media, but it is nevertheless one with which we must familiarize ourselves in preparation for the upcoming national black dialog.  It is high time to begin constructing useful indices with which to measure the quality of life, not just for a fortunate few, but for the broad masses of our people in America’s black one-eighth.

“Painting an accurate picture is not difficult.  Useful measures of family income and cohesiveness, of home ownership, life expectancy, education levels, of unemployment and underemployment abound.  But among all the relevant data on the state of black America today one factor stands out: the growth of America’s public policy of racially selective policing, prosecution, and mass imprisonment of its black citizens over the past 30 years.  The operation of the crime control industry has left a distinctive, multidimensional and devastating mark on the lives of millions of black families and on the economic and social fabric of the communities in which they live.”

Although our Black presidential candidate would have us believe that African Americans are, as he has said many times, “90% of the way” to freedom, justice and true equality, the facts seem to say otherwise. As recently as 1964, a majority of all US prisoners were white men. But since 1988, the year Vice President George H.W. Bush rode to the White House stoking white fears with an ad campaign featuring convicted Black killer and rapist Willie Horton, the black one-eighth of America's population has furnished the majority of new admissions to its prisons and jails.

The fact is that while US prison populations have grown seven times since 1970, crime rates have increased only slightly over that time. According to Berkeley scholar Dr. Loic Wacquant the increase in America's prison population over that time has been achieved simply by locking up five times as many people per one thousand reported crimes as we did in 1980.

The ripple effects on Black communities and families have been enormous and devastating. Millions of the Black poor are permanently stigmatized, excluded from much of the job market and opportunities for training and education, and are sent home to the same resource-poor, deindustrialized communities in which they lived before prison, where there are no services for them, and no societal will to educate or train them. America's enormous prison system, along with its punitive and exclusionary attitude toward the class of people from which prisoners originate is freezing the black poor in place for generations to come. As we said in 2005

“...if you want to know where black families fare the worst, where the lowest wages and life expectancy are, where to find the highest unemployment and the greatest number of single parent households among African Americans, you don’t need an online survey.  You certainly don’t count the black businesses or the black elected officials.  You count the black prisoners, and the former prisoners, and the ruined communities they come from and are discharged into.”

That's what we did. Despite our requests, we were unable to get breakdowns of federal prisoners by state of origin before our publication deadline, so our data excludes the nearly 200,000 prisoners under federal lock and key. When the Federal Bureau of Prisons makes this data available we will share it with our readers. So here, based on incarceration data supplied by states and found on the web site of The Sentencing Project, are the ten worst states in the US to be black.

 

10 WORST STATES TO BE BLACK

STATE

BLACK PRISONERS AS % OF TOTAL BLACK POPULATION

RATIO OF BLACK TO WHITE IN PRISONS AND JAILS

BLACK % OF STATE POPULATION

Wisconsin

4.5%

10.64

6%

Iowa

4.2%

13.59

2%

Colorado

3.5%

6.65

4%

Arizona

3.3%

5.58

4%

Oklahoma

3.3%

4.39

8%

Texas

3.2%

4.74

12%

Kansas

3.1%

6.99

6%

California

3.0%

4.68

7%

Oregon

2.9%

5.84

2%

Kentucky

2.8%

4.98

8%

Excluded from this list are South Dakota, Vermont, Utah, Montana, Idaho, North Dakota, where African Americans make up 1% or less of the population, but which do have extremely high rates of Black incarceration.

Texas and California, the nation's two most populous states each account for more than a tenth of the nation's 2.2 million prisoners. Kansas and Kentucky, which did not make the 2005 “ten worst” list, have replaced Delaware and Nevada.

 

Dishonorable Mentions: Racial disparities in incarceration

Most US prisoners are nonviolent drug offenders. Although federal statistics show the rates of illegal drug use for whites, Blacks and Latinos to be within a single percentage point of each other, African Americans are an absolute majority of the people serving time for drug offenses. The start and inescapable fact of double-digit disparity between Black and white incarceration rates is hard to miss, and harder to explain, except in terms of a consistently applied, if rarely acknowledged policy of racially selective policing, sentencing and imprisonment.

 

STATE

BLACK TO WHITE IMPRISONMENT RATIO

BLACK % OF STATE POPULATION

Iowa

19.02

2%

Vermont

13.59

1%

New Jersey

12.49

14%

Connecticut

12.38

10%

North Dakota

12

1%

Wisconsin

10.72

6%

South Dakota

10.64

1%

Rhode Island

10.02

6%

New York

9.62

17%

New Hampshire

9.35

1%

Pennsylvania

9.22

11%

Utah

9.15

1%

Minnesota

9.15

4%

Illinois

9.14

15%

Nebraska

9.06

4%

The states with the fifteen highest disparity rates between black and white incarceration show some interesting characteristics. First, none of them are in the South. Secondly Blacks make up a negligible percentage, 6% or less in ten of these high disparity states. Thirdly, the other five high-disparity states either contain or are adjacent to three of the five largest concentrations of African American population in the US, namely the metro areas of New York, Chicago and Philadelphia.

What about the South?

About half of all African Americans live in the South, and that number is increasing. Generally, southern states have higher percentages of Black population, but lower disparity rates between black and white population than elsewhere. No southern state locks up nine or ten times as many African Americans as whites. In the table below we can see that the Texas pattern is a typical southern one, with a pretty average disparity rate.

The states with the fifteen highest disparity rates between black and white incarceration show some interesting characteristics. First, none of them are in the South. Secondly Blacks make up a negligible percentage, 6% or less in ten of these high disparity states. Thirdly, the other five high-disparity states either contain or are adjacent to three of the five largest concentrations of African American population in the US, namely the metro areas of New York, Chicago and Philadelphia.

 

What about the South?

About half of all African Americans live in the South, and that number is increasing. Generally, southern states have higher percentages of Black population, but lower disparity rates between black and white population than elsewhere. No southern state locks up nine or ten times as many African Americans as whites. In the table below we can see that the Texas pattern is a typical southern one, with a pretty average disparity rate.

 

STATE

BLACK % OF STATE POPULATION 

BLACK IMPRISONMENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BLACK POPULATION

BLACK-WHITE IMPRISONMENT DISPARITY

Mississippi

37%

1.74%

3.46

Louisiana

32%

2.45%

4.69

Georgia

30%

2.06%

3.32

Maryland

29%

1.58%

5.48

South Carolina

29%

1.86%

4.47

Alabama

26%

1.91%

3.54

North Carolina

22%

1.72%

5.40

Delaware

21%

2.51%

6.36

Virginia

20%

2.33%

5.89

Tennessee

17%

2.0%

4.12

Florida

16%

2.61%

4.45

Arkansas

16%

1.84%

3.86

Texas

12%

3.12%

4.74

Evidently, the highest relative percentages of African Americans, if not the highest absolute numbers of black incarcerated are to be found in and near large concentrations of northern Blacks, or in states where African Americans make up a relatively small percentage of the population.

 

Are things getting any better? Is there any good news?

There is good news, but not in the numbers. According to Prisons and Jails at Mid-Year 2006, in the 12 months ending on June 30, 2006 prison populations increased in 43 state jurisdictions and declined or remained the same in 8. Overall, the number of America's prisoners is increasing at a rate not seen since 1999-2000.

The good news is that the issue of racially selective mass incarceration has actually begun to be acknowledged by members of the nation's political elite. One day last October bipartisan a bipartisan hearing on the topic was conducted. Every candidate for office in Black constituencies for some time has been accustomed to “drive-by” rhetorical mentions of the fact that we are a disproportionate share of the nation's incarcerated.067leadpic2

Even Democratic presidential candidates have made cursory nods to the edges of the issue. Obama is promising to spend millions more on re-entry programs, and Hillary Clinton has denounced felony disenfranchisement.

Those are the limits of the good news. Money on re-entry programs is a good thing, and felony disenfranchisement is indeed a very bad thing. But both leave unexplored and untouched the foundational reasons for the explosive growth of America's prison state, a topic explored by Loic Wacquant elsewhere in this issue. A lone state senator in Oregon introduced a bill calling for racial disparity impact statements to accompany further sentencing law, and plans to re-introduce it in the coming session.

Longstanding public policies like racially selective mass incarceration, which profoundly affects the quality of Black life will not change without the birth of a broad social movement in our African American communities to demand it. Cautious politicians dependent on campaign contributors and the favor of corporate media won't give us this, any more than LBJ would have given us the 1965 Civil Rights bill without a loud, disrespectful and civilly disobedient mass movement in the streets to embarrass him and prod him on. It will take a movement on that scale to challenge the policies of racially selective mass incarceration.

Is it in us? Only time will tell.

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Comments

the article might be of greater value were the meaning of the figures clear. i, frankly, have no idea what they are supposed to represent.

unclear

i agree with the previous post the tables are not clear.
"let's save pessimism for better times"

will add some info to top of tables

in the next hour.

Ditto

The concept of your article is very timely, but the tables are not very understandable.

Please clarify table descriptions

For instance, the chart for the Black to White Imprisonment Ratios and Black to White Population Ratios needs clarification. Are you saying the ratio was
Iowa | 19.02 to 1 and .02 to 1
Vermont | 13.59 to 1 and .01 to 1
etc...

Could you be more dilettante, please? Remember most who will read this article DO care but DON'T crunch numbers.

Dilletante?

RE Pi277's comment: "Could you be more dilettante, please?"

What on earth does that mean? I suggest you look up the word dilletante, since this is not a correct usage, and you don't help the clarity issue by being obscure. If you mean, "could you be more clear," then clearly say so, please.

I agree the figures could be displayed in a way that would make them more compelling.

Also, there are some repetitions in the article - paragraphs that are in two places. Probably just a cut and paste error, but it makes what could be quite compelling less so.

South vs North

From the numbers it seems as though the areas of the country that are considered to be the most liberal (North, West) have an inordinate amount of incarcerated blacks vs areas of the country that are considered to be the most conservative (South). Taken together with recent results from democratic primaries showing Obama receiving a small fraction of white voters can we assume that while liberals provide lip-service to black issues (such as their wrongful incarceration) they do not back it up with meaningful action...?

amending table labels

I see what pi277 is getting at. Will amend table labels again for clarity. Black-to-white population ratio is a correct but unclear description. Will make it "black percentage of state population"

Geronimo

White liberals (I am one) are split pretty evenly between Obama and Clinton, and younger whites are very supportive of Obama.

That said, the majority of non-southern blacks live in big cities where the politics of racism are alive and well, and the police and "justice" system are out of control.

Here in New York, our new governor Eliot Spitzer is making the truly unpopular move of shutting down some of the smaller prisons. We've got a long way to go in New York, but that is a step in the right direction.

Mr. Dixon

"Black percentage of state prison population" would be a more useful term, but I have suggestion. If you divide the black percentage of the prison population by the black percentage of the total population, the number you get will be how overrepresented blacks are in the prison. This means if ten percent of the prisoners are black and 10 percent of the state is black, the number will be 1, meaning that there is no over-representation. If it has 20 percent black prison population and 10 percent black state population, meaning the black population is incarcerated at twice the rate of the general population.

I don't quite understand the charts, so maybe you did these calculations and they just haven't been labeled in a way I can understand, but I think they would be very useful if you haven't.

Thanks.

South v North

Has it occurred to anyone that in the states where there are the most black people, there are more black policemen and governmental employees to keep a check on racial disparities? GA may have a 30% black population, but Atlanta has even more, hence they voted in the very popular Mayor Shirley Franklin.

Natalie

I almost made that as an additional comment. Wouldnt that then make the claim of Sam L. meaningless? His claim is that most non-southern blacks live in the big cities where racism is 'alive and well'. Wouldnt that greater # of blacks lead to a greater # of "black policemen and governmental employees to keep a check on racial disparities?"

Very interesting dichotomy.

Are you sure about Louisiana?

Hurricane Katrina; federal, state, municipal, and private sector response? Do I have to enumerate every last atrocity that happened down there?

I don't understand how Louisiana could not make the list.

Natalie, Geronimo

That is an interesting point. The only thing I can say is that, outside of the South, there aren't many big cities that are majority black. I don't think there are any. NYC, where I live, is less than 30% black, and I believe whites are still a solid majority (though Latina/os may be changing that). My guess is Boston and Chicago have similar numbers. Certainly there is value in having blacks in the police force and government agencies, but we've only elected one black mayor in New York, and he lost when people felt, basically, that he had been too soft on blacks after the Crown Heights race riots. Rudy Giuliani, on the other hand, managed to maintain pretty high favorability ratings through a lot of "tough on crime" race baiting and intentionally alienating black leaders. It started to wear on people towards the end of his second term, but it was a successful political strategy.

I would imagine that the situation in big northern cities is similar to that in southern states (outside of the big cities). There's a large black minority, but a white political majority that is pretty hostile, which leads to a lot of racist policies in the criminal 'justice' system and elsewhere.

Of course, this is just speculation, I am very much open to other ideas about it.

Answer's easy...

Don't do the crime if you can't do the time.

Incarceration and Big money

There is a big reason for these high incarceration rates in the Northern tier states; MONEY $$$
After the industrial base of northern state towns collapsed, they needed something.
Enter the prison industry.
And guess where they got the prisoners from?
The drug wars raging in the cities.
http://alternet.org/blogs/rights/75089/

These towns are now 100% dependent on the prison for their survival; and the prison guard lobby is especially strong.
In simpler terms; the "War on Drugs" is basically a "jobs" program for mainly white towns that lost their factories in the 90s and earlier. Black people and others are the "cash crop" for these prison complexes in small towns, who "workers" tend the "products" which are career criminals who can't get a job after they leave prison.
For without the draconian drug laws we have, those prison towns would go belly-up and the people would evac to the cities. Throw in schools that stink and mental problems in our nation's youth and you produce the never ending supply.
http://alternet.org/rights/75533/?page=1

It's sinister, but hey this is America

Apathy and passivity

Black people are apathetic and passive, and do not fight for their self interests using the only political system that we have. When opportunities are available young people are either not prepared for them or disinterested. Too many parents keep their children in a perpetual state of childishness, don't engage them in productive and constructive activities that help them develop skills that will help them compete in this world.

All of these statistics are meaningless and have only shock value for some people. They are not going to move anybody's butt from in front of the video games long enough to get their kids involved in such things as the Boys and Girls scouts, teach them how to swim and play sports, learn right from wrong, and a do a whole host of doable things to improve their lives and their communities.

What is missing in this article is solutions. Simple solutions. Grass roots solutions. Doable solutions. But what can one expect from progressivists. They have no solutions. They criticize, but they offer no solutions. Their whole reason for existence is to try to look intelligent and knowledgeable by dragging a whole bunch of wow numbers in front of us. If there is one thing that "the Black candidate," who they love to excoriate, has said is that parents have to take responsibility for their young and turn off the TV set.

They continue to attack Obama, but don't give him credit for having risen to this point in history by having guidance at an early age that has helped him out. Growing up outside of this country to a great extent helped make that possible. The fact is there are thousands of Obamas out there. There are thousands of young men and women who were raised by single parents who do not take tomorrow for granted. There are thousands of young people who come here from some of the most depraved social conditions on Earth, yet take advantage of the opportunities that exist in America and excel. Many of them make it in these so called worst places for Black people. How do you explain that?

Just wondering

Certainly we know that mistakes occur in the criminal justic system just as they do in medical and any other settings. But might it be true that the vast majority of people who are in prison have committed crimes?

Anita

The vast majority of people in prison have committed nonviolent drug crimes.
The thing is, blacks don't use drugs at higher rates than whites, they just get arrested at higher rates and imprisoned for longer.

Tables with the relevant data

Looking at the tables at http://www.sentencingproject.org/Admin/Documents/publications/rd_statera... can clear up the confusion about the statistics. In particular, Table 6, I think, uses the same ranking shown in the second table here (2005 data).

One amazing fact is that nationally over 2% of blacks are incarcerated. Since the vast majority of these are men, it turns out that about 4% of all male blacks in the U.S. are incarcerated at any given moment.

This is complicated

One thing to keep in mind is that the place where the sentence is handed down is not necessarily where the sentence will be served. American Radio Works as well as Corpwatch.org have material on the fact that inmates are shipped here and there for various reasons. One might be convicted in Ohio but serve parts of one's sentence in 5 other states. Especially if it's is a private prison or public-private partnership. Terry, do the time for the crime is correct but prisoners are actually more like livestock rather than citizens being required to pay their debt to society. Will America be better off by treating its citizens this way?

Here I go again...

Bill Clinton, the beloved first black president, refused to level out the disparity in jail time between crack and cocaine. The amount of blacks incarcerated increased under his admin. Why no mention of him? Why are you attacking Obama who understands this and believes in retroactivity and eradicating the disparity in the jail length between crack and cocaine !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

RE: Apathy and passivity

"There are thousands of young people who come here from some of the most depraved social conditions on Earth, yet take advantage of the opportunities that exist in America and excel. Many of them make it in these so called worst places for Black people. How do you explain that?"

The productivity of some foreign nationals achieve in this country is purely a result of coincidence and circumstance and not the result of natural selection. This system was not designed to benefit the mass demographic of the 'rainbow' - particularly African Americans. However, if a percentage can maneuver their way while acquiring some meaningful success through a system which was originally designed for whites to maintain a level of white privilege, then a small demographic has achieved the "American dream" - an exception to the rule.

If Sister Angela Could Only Write Like This Begins!

But as commentators have said, all this excellent perspective and analysis accompanied by flawed charts and repetitive text!

The main thing. The prison thing. It still makes me so angry, I can't comment usefully.

Thanks, Bruce Dixon.

I can add one comment. About the depth of white americans' belief in incarceration as a solution. It really took off with Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the institutionalization of incarcerating potential suicides whose behavior is also sometimes murderous. Because it was the Reagan years. And not only could the head-docs not treat alcoholism, they couldn't admit that, and they wouldn't make money if courts ordered them to try to treat it. However, MADD’s campaign insured only individual devastation - while probably failing to actually reduce the carnage on the highways – whereas the post-Reagan imprisonment of African-Americans has perpetuated as well as caused the devastation of whole communities.

And today? After what B.D. identifies as the Bush1 precipice... there's literally hundreds of books published every year on penology, imprisonment, punishment, etc. You can find the categories at Amazon.com. But who reads the books? Quite a few white, liberal publishing-house editors, evidently. But, literally, almost no one else. Maybe one title makes the top hundred in sales every few years.

It good to see that other know and care .

I can only say thank you for taking the time to put the article out in the media .This is my first time on the web site and it will not be my last . as someone who works in a community were many of the people come from i understand that greater force are at work here .The article hit the nail on the head!

Hard to believe, but true

As someone involved in litigation on behalf of prisoners who are abused, beaten, denied medical care, and incarcerated beyond their sentences, this article is extremely useful. Thank you for compiling it.

However, it is important to understand that this situation is no accident. Young black men are being arrested, convicted and incarcerated at exponentially higher rates than young white men involved in the same behavior. It is a means of controlling a chunk of the population for which our rulers have no use, a group the nazis referred to as "useless eaters." No amount of "reentry" funding will change this situation.

Although an individual prison sentence is often the result of an individual's bad behavior, taken collectively the mass incarceration of black men is not simply a collection of character flaws. It is deliberate social policy, funded and enforced by the political elite. Organize, organize, organize. Who you gonna vote for to change this debacle?

Solutions

It seems to me that the vast majority of Black folks in this country are already aware that their cousins, brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, friends and neighbors are in prison. These are not just numbers, but people many of us know.

I really see no great information in pointing that out.

For once, I would like to see more energy going in teaching better parenting, wider use of contraception (so parents who don't intend to have children, don't), and the building of programs that give young people alternatives to hanging out on the corner, so that they can be proud of themselves.

Never enough talk of solutions. Only damning "the system", and calling any Black person who makes a life for themselves an anomaly.

Natalie

Geronimo:

On the face of it, Sam L's comment would be meaningless. But that is not how it works.

Let me use my hometown, Milwaukee, as an example. Only 6% of Wisconsin's total population is Black. Until two decades ago, the figure hovered closer to 4 - 5%.

The majority of urban Blacks lived in the southeastern Milwaukee/Racine area and in Madison (south central), mostly in rough inner-city neighborhoods where crime was rampant.

Having such a small pool of Blacks statewide coupled with a long history of high incarceration and arrest rates means that a larger number of Wisconsin's Blacks are ineligible for police work simply because they don't have a spotless criminal record.

If that alone were the problem, measures could have been taken to attract minority candidates from other places. The powers-that-were chose not to.

The Milwaukee police department was hostile to non-white male and women recruits prior to sometime in the 1980s. The rank-and-file and leadership behaved as if the force were a club for white working-class men. (MPD was famous for its use of excessive force in minority communities.) Only the passage of time, and a change in leadership in the position of police chief has made the force friendlier to such recruits. An important note: the MPD was a fiefdom governed for 20 years by a long-time chief who answered to no one - not the mayor, the media or the public. He was like a U.S. Supreme Court justice - he could not be fired. Couple that with the city having had the same mayor for 20 years. Every four years, the battle cry rang out: fire Maier (mayor) and retire Brier (police chief).

Natalie, Geronimo

Sam L.: I believe that the ratio of Blacks to whites in the city of Chicago is fairly even. If you add Hispanics and Asians, I think that would make Chicago a majority-minority city. OTOH, Detroit, I believe, is majority Black.

Ten Worst States to Be a Black Criminal.

I think they might well have titled this article: Ten Worst States to Be a Black Criminal.
Sure, way too many blacks are getting locked up, and for too long periods of time, also...but, nontheless, "Do the crime, do the time."

Best way to avoid going to prison is to obey the law.
Is it possible that blacks tend to break the law at a much higher rate than do whites? I don't know...but, sure seems possible.

this site means well but............

I think this site is cool and important. But I feel it's misleading. It's not a conspiracy.If someone commits a crime they should go to jail black or white.It's unfortunate those percentages are so high but what are you gonna do let them go because of their race.I'm Irish and a hundred years ago we were considered lower than dirt. We are past that now because we didn't point fingers and blame someone else for our problems.We stepped up and accepted responsibility didn't ask for any handouts or freebies and earned our respect.To put this information out there that all white people are on a secret mission to throw all black people in jail is dangerous. It makes African Americans not trust whites and vice versa and the cycle continues and no one wins. Most people of all races are good people and pretty much the same. It's not the law enforcements fault that those statistics are like that its the people who are committing the crimes that make it like that and they have no one to blame but themselves.it's kind of offensive the 10 worst places for black people. If there was a list called 10 worst places for white people in America it would be subject to protest and it would be considered racist and evil. But when you do it there's nothing wrong with it.What kind of message does that send.I could name a bunch of double standard examples like that. It's unfair and dangerous. All you are doing is adding to the problem.I'm sure you mean well but that's how it comes off to me there shouldn't be a double standard like that. Either it's okay for everybody to do it or no one should be able to do it. PEACE

Slightly missing the point

Tom Rollen,
I think the point of the article is that blacks and whites commit crimes at about the same rates, yet more blacks are arrested and incarcerated for their crimes than whites. Blacks and whites use drugs at the same rate (proportional to population), yet blacks are much more likely to be incarcerated than whites for non-violent drug user offenses. This means that black non-violent drug offenders are more likely to end up with felony convictions and return to their communities with no support in place to assist with the readjustment and disenfranchisement problems that ex-convicts must face.

There doesn't have to be a "secret mission" or a conspiracy among whites to oppress blacks--selective enforcement of existing laws will do in a society as polarized and fearful as ours. Pick a community that has experienced de-industrialization and job loss. Look at the proportion of blacks to whites in that community. Compare the incarceration rate of black drug users in that community to that of
whites in the same community. You will then understand why your statement "[e]ither it's okay for everybody to do it or no one should be able to do it" does not describe the typical practice.

Soprano

You know what I did get a little off track and was all over the place with my comments. Still though. I do not agree that blacks and whites commit crimes at the same rate.Those stats are wrong.Maybe non-violent crimes such as drug use but not violent crimes.They most likely get harsher sentences for drug offenses because they have previous records.I just get sick of always being blamed for other people's problems.I was raised to accept responsibility for my actions and be held accountable.No one's fault but my own.

Black men are incarcerated for being black "period"

I personally witnessed and experiences police brutality. I witnessed my family members (Males) get harassed by the local police force. I’ve come to the conclusion, that if you’re afraid of them they will continue to harass you. If you stand up to them with legal grounds, the fear they are trying to put in you will fall back on them (basically it’s a spiritual battle). I remember an occasion where a young black man (early 20s) was driving down the road, going to the store, and a police office got behind his car and started riding on his bumper. The police office sped up faster and faster, causing the young man to speed. Once his speed was above the speed limit, he put his siren on for him to pull over. Instead of the young man becoming afraid, he used common sense and drove home (with the police officer following him with his siren on). The police office was in a rage. The young man remained peaceful. The police office tried to get him to pull his car back on the public road but the young man said “no, this is private property”. The police office was out of control with anger. So the young man pulled his car on the road in front of his home. At that point, people were stand around watching. The office angrily gave him a ticket. The young man refused to pay for it and went to court and defended his self and WON. He won because he exposed the police office for what he was doing. He told the judge the exact same story and they dropped the ticket. I say this to let black men know, STAND UP FOR YOURSELF and SPEAK THE TRUTH! Be quick to think and slow to anger. If someone shows you with their actions they have ill plans for you pull over to a place where you feel safe (somewhere with a lot of witness). Use wise judgment based on this persons actions towards you. The only way we can expose them for what they are doing is with proof. Detailed accounts of their actions towards an individual or a video camera.

Anita's right

"Certainly we know that mistakes occur in the criminal justice system just as they do in medical and any other settings. But might it be true that the vast majority of people who are in prison have committed crimes?"

Well there you go. The War on Drugs IS radically biased against black folks, but blacks also commit murder, robbery, and assault at higher rates than other races. Blacks are 7 times more likely to go to jail for murder than whites. This isn't some massive white people's conspiracy--it would require too systematic and consistent an effort. Until black America wakes up and "gets real" with itself, white America will be that much less sympathetic to its legitimate concerns.

Oh, and as for Tom Rollen

The very argument of the paper is BS. If crime rates have gone up only slightly AND incarceration rates have multiplied, one can imagine that if we HADN'T started locking people up MORE then there would have been that much more crime. Also it says nothing really about racial disparities, and no real evidence is shown for the claim that whites and blacks commit similar proportions of criminal acts.

By the way, as for the death penalty thing: the bias is there, but it is there in the sense that a white victim will get you fried more often than a black one. HOWEVER, since blacks kill blacks more often (and the same for whites), correcting our lack of concern for black victims would result in MORE blacks on death row!

Final summary: apart from drug laws, blacks don't have that much to complain about with regard to criminal prosecution.

What are you advocating

Hello -- sorry for coming into this discussion late but I did a Google search for something else and the title piqued my interest.

What are you advocating: that whites be incarcerated more or blacks be incarcerated less?

RE: 2008's Ten Worst Places to be Black

On October 5, 2008, the CW Network premiered a new drama from the creators of The Sopranos. The new show, called Easy Money, is said to be about a family who owns and operates a “high-interest loan” business called Prestige Payday Loans. It’s always great to see shows being produced in an effort to bring underrepresented cultures or things into the limelight; as long as it constitutes a fair and balanced portrayal of the subject matter at hand. However, by taking one look at the trailers for the new drama, as well as a few of the episode synopses, my biggest fear is that the premise for the show is based solely on vicious media stereotypes. With this in mind, think of the last time that you viewed a news story either online or on television news talking about the payday loan industry. Chances are the story you saw or read wove tales of “real” persons’ woes fueled by their getting bogged down in an “endless cycle of debt.” Worst of all, according to such “articles,” it all started when they needed to borrow money to fix their car or pick up the tab on another unexpected bill. Such stories are further proof that, for the sake of winning the ratings wars, news networks will latch on to and report only the juiciest, most scandalous aspects of any big story and completely ignore everything else. It seems as if the CW network is following suit in an effort to recover viewers lost during the Writer’s Strike. One, for instance, opens with the tag line, “for this family of loan sharks, money is easy.” Surely, it’ll be interesting to see whether or not the CW or the show’s creators learned what the industry is really about. Chances are, probably not.

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Avoiding the Issue

It's a sad state we are in, racially and otherwise, when we debate these disparity studies rather than addressing the real issues. Which of course, are the crimes themselves. We've grown to accept the "non-violent" drug crimes in our lower income areas as some kind of positive alternative to violent crimes but they are no less if not more detrimental to the overall condition of the communities in which they occur. The crime in this country with the highest individual rate of recitivism is drug sale and distribution. So while many non violent offenders may in fact not belong in our current penal system, drug dealers are a likely source of ongoing if not escalating crime in the communities in which they operate. The advocacy, research and support devoted to the issue of prosecutorial disparity should perhaps instead focus on the eradication of the complacency towards crime of any kind in our communities.